第一单元
发展魔芋产业的重要意义
第一讲 魔芋对人体健康的价值
(2002年6月19日)
魔芋又名磨芋,中国古名蒟蒻,传入日本后承袭其名,至今仍称蒟蒻,而在中国蒟蒻之名在民间已失传。
中国的魔芋医药历史悠久,约成书于汉末的《名医别录》已有记载。魔芋的球茎作为中医药,其性寒、味辛、有毒,主要功能为消肿、攻毒,主治痈疮、肿毒、结块等症,以及毒蛇咬伤、肿瘤、颈淋巴结核、疔疮、疝气等,多作外用,内服须久煎。
日本、中国的营养和公共卫生专家教授对魔芋的保健、医疗作用作了许多临床试验研究,结论基本一致。魔芋葡甘聚糖属水溶性半纤维素,其突出的营养保健功能在于能发挥膳食纤维对营养不平衡的调节作用,它与白菜、芹菜等蔬菜类中所含非水溶性的纤维,进入人体后原形排出者不同,它能参与人体的代谢作用及影响肠道菌相有利于健康的方向变化。经原华西医科大学公共卫生学院(现为四川大学华西公共卫生学院)张茂玉、黄承钰、彭恕生等作的大量试验和发表的论文、魔芋精粉的主要保健、医疗功能有以下几方面:
一、预防和治疗便秘
随饮食精化和年龄老化,便秘患者急剧增加,预防便秘主要是饮食中增加膳食纤维的含量,而魔芋就属于优质高膳食纤维食品。
二、调节脂质代谢
冠心病已成为人类主要死因之一。张茂玉等研究(1989)血浆胆固醇水平与动脉粥样硬化和冠心病的发病率密切相关。可溶性膳食纤维通过与肠内胆酸结合,增加胆酸排泄,使体内胆酸合成增加,从而降低血胆固醇水平,还可减少其胆道排泄时积聚形成胆石和胆酸代谢产物的可能致癌作用。据试验,不溶性粗纤维无降血脂效果,而可溶性纤维才有降血脂效果。国内外均有报导,魔芋能显著降低血胆固醇及甘油三脂水平;且血脂达正常水平后不再持续下降,起到调节脂质代谢,预防高脂血症的作用。
三、改善糖代谢
控制饮食是糖尿病治疗的重要措施。膳食纤维不被消化吸收,不含热量,又有饱腹感,且能减少和延缓葡萄糖的吸收,是糖尿病良好的辅助药物。研究表明,可溶性纤维才有显著改善糖代谢的作用,而不溶性纤维则无明显作用。黄承钰等研究(1989)证实;对糖尿病患者给予魔芋精粉(即粗制葡甘露聚糖),或魔芋食品,均能降低血糖水平。
四、减肥作用
美国Walsh用双盲法肯定了魔芋的减肥作用。国内也得到进一步证实。膳食纤维在胃内的充盈作用,增加了饱腹感,同时可减少产热营养素的吸收。膳食中增加一定量魔芋可达预防肥胖和缓慢减肥的目的。
五、其他作用
文献报道,有不少非淀粉多糖有调节机体免疫功能的作用,能增强非特异性免疫、细胞免疫、体液免疫功能中的一个或几个方面,彭恕生等研究(1994)表明,魔芋精粉能提高正常小鼠和免疫抑制状态小鼠的特异性和非特异性免疫功能,具有免疫调节活性。
流行病学调查和部分实验研究表明,膳食纤维对结肠癌、乳腺癌等有一定预防作用。预防癌症的机理可能是可溶性纤维大量吸水稀释了肠道致癌物质和前致癌物的浓度,并加强它们排出体外。张茂玉等研究指出,还影响肠道菌相变化,厌氧菌增加,厌氧菌中的双歧杆菌,有抗肿瘤作用,加速可疑致癌物胆汁酸的代谢产物的排泄。
从以上膳食纤维五个方面的保健和医疗作用看,魔芋主成分葡甘聚糖属可溶性半纤维素,在发挥上述五个方面的作用上其效果远远超过一般蔬菜所含不溶性纤维。
======第一讲
参考文献======== 1、张茂玉,黄承钰,彭恕生、王旭、洪君蓉(华西医科大学营养与食品卫生学院教研组,成都610044)
张朝武、刘衡川、刘军(华西医科大学医学检验教研室,成都610044),魔芋食品对便秘者肠道功能的影响,营养学报,1990,12(2):185~120
提要: 本文观察便秘者食用加魔芋精粉的食品前后肠道功能的变化。结果表明,魔芋食品能增加平均每日粪湿重(相当于1g魔芋精粉增重
11.4 g)和粪便含水量,能缩短肠道运转时间和平均一次排便时间。肠道细菌总数基本稳定,需氧活菌数和厌氧活菌数增加,以双歧杆菌为指示菌的厌氧菌占优势。
THE EFFECT OF REFINED KONJAC MEAL ON COLONIC FUNCTION OF THE
SUBJECT WITH CONSTIPATION
Zhang Maoyu, Huang Chengyu, Peng Shusheng, Wang Xu, Hong Junrong
(Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene , West China University
of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610044)
Xhang Chaowu, Liu Hengchuan,Liu Jun
(Department of Medical Test, West China University of Medical
Sciences, Chengdu 610044)
Abstract: In the present study the change of lntestina1 function of
the patients with costipation after consumption of the foods
containing refined konjac meal(RKM)was observed.
The results indicated that food containing RKM can increase
both the average water content and the average wet weight
of the feces egested at one time(increase by 11.4g per 1g
RKM ingested),and can decrease both the period of feces egestion
and the gastiontestinal transit time.
The total numbter of the intestinal flora changed insignificantly
before and after consumption of RKM.The number of the survival
aerobic and anaerobic flora increased, and in the latter one
the Lactobacillus bifitus was predominant
Key words: refined konjac meal constipation
2、张茂玉,黄承钰,洪君蓉,王旭,彭恕生,(华西医科大学营养与食品卫生学教研室,成都610044),魔芋食品对人体脂质代谢影响的研究,营养学报,1989,11(4):25~30
提要: 用含极低热能、微量蛋白质、高膳食纤维的魔芋精粉添加制成食品,对110名高血脂者进行研究。实验组加食魔芋食品,对照组食普通食品,实验期45天,实验前、后和停食魔芋食品后45天分别检查血脂一次。结果表明:1.实验组TG、TC、LDL-C水平均比食用前显著降低(P<0.01);HDL-C、apoAI
均比食用前显著升高(P<0.01);而对照组各项指标变化无显著意义(P>0.05)。实验组与对照组比较,TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C的变化差别显著(P<0.01)。2.魔芋食品对高脂血症者与TG、TC危险临界值者降血脂效应不同,前者TG下降83.8±133.5mg/dl,TC下降42.4±23.4mg/dl;后者TG下降-1.1±23.lmg/dl,TC下降8.3±18.2mg/dl;两者的差异显著(P<0.001)。3.实验期间膳食同日常水平。实验组三大营养素和热能摄入量稍高于对照组,膳食脂肪占总热能35%以上,热能超过供给量量1/5以上,但魔芋食品降血脂效果仍显著。
THE INFLUENCE OF KONJAC FOOD ON HUMAN LIPID METABOLISM
Zhang Maoyu,Huang Chengyu,Wang Xu,Hong JunronG, Peng Shusheng
(Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China University
of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610044)
Abstract: With food containing konjac flour,a 45-day-long feeding trial
on 110 old people suffering from hyperlipidemia was conducted
to observe the effect of konjac food on lipid metabolism of
beings.
The konjac flour was from Amorphophallus konjac, a kind of
traditional food, with trace protein and very low energy,
but rich in dietary fiber composed mainly of gluco-mannan.
The results obtained were as folloxvs:
1.After having konjac flour 5g/day as a supplement of their
regular meal for 45 days,concentration of TG,TC and LDLC in
the serum of the experimental subjects decreased significantly(P<0.01=,but
those of HDLC and apoAI increased significantly otherwise.
2.The effect of konjac food on the subjects suffering from
hyperlipidemia was found to be different from that of the
subjects with TG and TC just at the margin of the risk indicator.The
concentrations of TG and TC In the serum of the fomer were
83.8±133.5mg/dl and 42.4±23.4mg/dl respectively ;while those
of the latter -1.l±23.lmg/dl and 8.3±18.2mg/dl respectively.
Key words: konjac flour HDL-C LDL-C apoB100
3、黄承钰,张茂玉,彭恕生,洪君蓉,王旭,蒋惠君,张福林,白云翔(华西医科大学公共卫生学院,成都),梁荩忠,余叶蓉,罗照田,张翔迅(华西医科大学第一附属医院内分泌科,成都)
周赞成(成都市107信箱职1医院,成都),魔芋食品对糖尿病患者血糖影响的研究,营养学报,1989,12(4):360~366
提要: 用含低蛋白质、低脂肪、低热能、高膳食纤维的魔芋精粉添加制成的食品,对72名Ⅱ型糖尿病患者(包括糖耐量降低者)进行研究。经多元方差分析,受试者食用魔芋食品30天及65天的空腹血糖
(FBG),餐后二小时血糖(PBG)均比食用前显著下降(P=0.001,P<0.001);试验末的糖化红糖白(GHb)比试验前也有显著下降(P<0.05),FBG-0(试验前空腹血糖)≥200mg%者在试验末FBG,PBG分别平均下降51.8及84.6mg%,15Omg%≤FBG-0<20Omg%者分别平均下降24.7dZmg%及68.67mg%,FBG-0<15Omg%者分别下降4.83及21.42mg%,有关血脂的指标在试验前后无明显变化,但13例高甘油三酯者在试验末有显著改善(P<0.05)。结果表明,魔芋食品是糖尿病人的一种较为理想的食品,它不仅可以作为食品享用,还有降低血糖,改善症状和控制病情的效果。
EFFECT OF KONJAC FOOD ON THE BLOOD GLUECOSE LEVEL IN DIADETICS
Huang Chcngyu,Zhang Maoyu,Peng Shusheng,Hong Junrong,Wang
Xu,
Jiang Huijun,Zhang Fulin and Bai Yunxing
(School of public Health,West China University of Mcdical
Sciences,WCUMS,Chengdu)
Liang Jinzhong,Yu Yierong, Luo Zhaotian and Zhang Xiangxun
(Department of Endocrinology,the Firest Univcrsity Hospital
WCUMS)
Zhou Zancheng
(Staff Hospital of 107 Post Office Box,Chengdu)
Abstract:Seventy two diabetic subjects type Ⅱ were given konjac food
for 65 days. The data analysed by multiple F-test indicated
that the fasting blood glucose(FBG) 2-h portprandial blood
glucose (PBG) at the 30th and 65th day after consuming the
food were significantly reduced(P=0.001),P<0.001 respcctlvcly).So
did the glycosylated hemoglobin level(P<0.05),a longterm indicator
of the degree of hyperglycemia,at the end of the trial.The
final FBG and PBG of the subjects with initial FBG(FBG-0>200mg%)
decreased on the average by 51.8 and 84.6mg% respectively,those
with FBG-O 150-200mg% by 24.1 and 68.7mg%;and those with FBG-0<150mg%
by 4.8 and 21.4mg%,no significant changes in blood lipid indices
were observed, except that TG decreased(averaging 118.7mg%)signicantly
in high triglyceridemia(>200mg%).It could be concluded that
konjac food was very useful in both prevention and treatment
of hyperglycemia.
Key words: konjac food blood sugar GHb diabetes
4、彭恕生,张茂玉,张银柱,吴紫华(华西医科大学公共卫生学院,成都610041),魔芋精粉对大鼠脑、肝、心血管细胞老化的影响,营养学报,1994,16(3):280~284
提要: 本文用含l%魔芋精粉的饲料喂饲大鼠18个月,观察魔芋精粉对大鼠细胞老化的影响。结果表明,长期食用魔芋精粉可延缓脑神经胶质细胞、心肌细胞和大、中动脉内膜内皮细胞的老化进程,预防动脉粥样硬化,改善心、脑和血管的功能。
EFFECT OF THE REFINED KONJAC MEAL ON CELL AGING
OF BPAIN,LIVER AND CARDIOVASCULAR TISSUES IN RATS
Peng Shusheng, Zhang Maoyu, Zhang Yinzhu, Wu Zihua
(School of public Health, West China University of Medical
Sciences,Chengdu 610041)
Abstract:Rats were fed on a feed containing 1% of the RKM for 18 months
and the effect of RKM on cell aging was observed. The results
indicated the long-term feeding of RKM in rats could delay
the course of aging of the gliocytes, cardionmycytes, and
the endothelial cells of the large and medium arteriac, hence
prevent the occurrence of arteriosclosis and improve the function
of brain, heart and vascular system.
Key words: refined konjac meal glucomannan cell aging
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